More recently, these methods have been complemented with individual-based telemetry methods (Bridge et al., 2011). Traditionally, flight activity and bird migration have been studied using techniques like observations from vantage points, line- and point-transects, and relocation of ringed birds (Sutherland, Newton, & Green, 2004). The study of flight behavior, migration phenomena, and responses of birds to man-made structures such as wind turbines requires ways to observe and document the movement of birds in the area of interest. While small bird species may be detected up to 0.5–1 km, larger species may be detected up to 1.5–2 km distance from the radar.īirds link ecosystem processes and communities over long distances making them special from the perspective of ecosystem services, including transport of energy, nutrients, propagules, parasites, and pathogens (Bauer & Hoye, 2014 Whelan, Wenny, & Marquis, 2008). The avian radar under study enables continuous monitoring of bird activity within a maximum range up to 2 km dependent on the size of the birds in question. Detection range depends on system sensitivity, the environment within which the radar is placed and the spatial distribution of birds.

The detection performance obtained by the RCS-calibrated test target (−11 dBm 2, 0.08 m 2 RCS) was then extrapolated to find the corresponding performance of differently sized birds. The UAV had a detection probability of 0.5 within a range of 2,340 m from the radar. The method was to use a dedicated test target in form of a remotely controlled unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with calibrated radar cross section (RCS), which enabled the design of virtually any test flight pattern within the area of interest. The purpose of the testing described was to find the maximum detection range for various sized birds, while controlling for the effects of flight tortuosity, flight orientation relative to the radar and ground clutter. This article describes a method for exploring the detection capabilities of a dedicated short-range avian radar system used inside the operational Smøla wind-power plant. However, radar used as an observation instrument in biological research has its limitations that are important to be aware of when analyzing recorded radar data. Based on off-the-shelf radar hardware, automated radar tracking systems have been developed for monitoring avian movements. Microwave radar is an important tool for observation of birds in flight and represents a tremendous increase in observation capability in terms of amount of surveillance space that can be covered at relatively low cost.

Linder farm network radar